Causes of male infertility

In the medical field, infertility is generally defined as the inability of a couple to conceive after living together and having regular, unprotected intercourse for at least one year. In recent years, the prevalence of infertility has been rising across all age groups.

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Male Infertility: A Common Yet Overlooked Issue

Infertility is not solely a female issue. In fact, male factors contribute to approximately 30–40% of infertility cases, which is comparable to the proportion seen in women. Therefore, it is crucial to evaluate both partners when investigating the causes of infertility.

Common Causes of Male Infertility

Abnormal Sperm Production
Issues with sperm production can result from congenital abnormalities such as chromosomal defects, undescended testicles, or infections affecting the testes (e.g., mumps orchitis). Other causes include testicular torsion, trauma, or exposure to certain medications (like antihypertensives), chemicals, or excessive heat. In many cases, however, the exact cause remains unidentified.
Obstruction in Sperm Transport
This can be due to congenital absence of the vas deferens or previous vasectomy, which blocks the path of sperm from the testicles.
Immune System Reactions Against Sperm
Sometimes, the body produces antibodies that attack sperm. This may occur after a vasectomy, infections, or due to unknown reasons.
Sexual Dysfunction and Ejaculation Disorders
Conditions such as erectile dysfunction, retrograde ejaculation (semen flowing backward into the bladder), low libido, spinal cord injuries, or surgeries involving the testicles can affect fertility. Certain medications may also interfere with normal sperm production.
Hormonal Imbalances
Hormonal issues may stem from congenital hormone deficiencies, pituitary gland tumors, or external hormone use, such as anabolic steroids used by bodybuilders. These conditions can suppress hormone production and reduce stimulation of the testes.
Symptoms and Diagnosis
In many cases, male infertility presents with no obvious symptoms. Some men may notice erectile difficulties, reduced semen volume, or have a history of testicular infections or injuries.

Once a potential cause is identified, a fertility specialist can plan an appropriate treatment—whether it’s correcting a specific issue or improving sperm quality to support assisted reproductive techniques like IUI or IVF.